What does the term "separation of powers" refer to?

The term "separation of powers" refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches, which is the correct answer. This principle is foundational to the structure of many democratic governments, especially the United States. The separation of powers aims to prevent the concentration of power in one branch of government and promotes a system of checks and balances.

In this framework, typically, the government is divided into three branches: the legislative, which makes laws; the executive, which enforces laws; and the judicial, which interprets laws. By assigning specific functions and powers to each branch, the separation of powers ensures that no single branch can dominate the government or abuse its power. This system encourages cooperation and accountability among the branches, helping to maintain a balanced government and protect the rights of citizens.

Other options listed do not accurately capture the essence of separation of powers. For example, while the ability of the President to check Congress reflects a part of the checks and balances system, it does not fully encompass what separation of powers means. The distribution of wealth among citizens and the limitation of power to the federal government are also unrelated to the core idea of separating governmental functions.