What is the term for the power of the courts to review laws and actions for constitutionality?

The term that defines the power of the courts to review laws and actions to determine their constitutionality is known as Judicial Review. This concept is fundamental to the checks and balances within a constitutional democracy, allowing the judiciary to ensure that legislative and executive actions align with the Constitution.

Judicial Review helps maintain the rule of law by enabling courts to invalidate laws and executive actions that infringe upon constitutional rights or exceed the powers granted by the Constitution. The establishment of this doctrine in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803 underscores its significance in the U.S. legal system. This case asserted the judiciary's role in interpreting the law and protecting constitutional principles against potential overreach by the other branches of government.

In contrast, other terms listed do not embody this concept. Executive Privilege pertains to the right of the executive branch to withhold information from other branches, Impeachment is a process for removing officials from office for misconduct, and Legislative Authority relates to the powers given to legislative bodies to create laws. Each of these serves distinct functions within the government structure but does not address the judiciary's role in reviewing the constitutionality of laws.