Which of the following amendments addresses the protection against self-incrimination?

The Fifth Amendment is the correct choice because it explicitly includes the protection against self-incrimination. This amendment states that no person "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." This provision is foundational in ensuring that individuals cannot be forced to provide testimony or evidence that could incriminate them in a criminal case, thus upholding the principle of protecting individuals from coercion and ensuring fair legal processes.

The other amendments listed have different focuses; the Sixth Amendment relates to the rights of individuals in criminal prosecutions, such as the right to a speedy trial and legal counsel. The Eighth Amendment addresses issues of bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for grasping the broader context of the rights and protections afforded by the U.S. Constitution.